American Baseball in the Korean War - 3283 Words

American Baseball: Serving in Korea, but Larger than the War The Korean War, ranging from 1950-1953, marked the end to a major era in the sporting world as it was the last time professional athletes were expected to fight in war, regardless of their status as celebrities. Because of the time frame of the Korean War, famous athletes such as Ted Williams, Willie Mays, and Mickey Mantle, some of the greatest to ever play the game of baseball, were expected to be willing and able to fight. Each one of these men had different stories and attitudes when they were called on to serve, but one common denominator of all the men is that their legacies as soldiers were soon forgotten, whether positive or negative, in favor of their legacies as†¦show more content†¦179). Another player affected severely by military service was the great outfielder for the New York Giants, Willie Mays. Mays had just begun a promising young career in 1951 and was already considered one of the best players in baseball. While not as wildly popular as Ted Williams , Mays was still a very popular and prominent player with a great future, making the news of the Selective Service calling Mays’ number in 1952 a fairly large deal (Hirsch p. 143). Originally, Mays applied to be deferred because of â€Å"extreme hardship to dependents†, and believed he would not have to serve (Hirsch p. 143). Mays had a mother, step-father, and nine siblings in which his paycheck from the Giants helped support, and the $75 per month salary the Army was offering would not be able to support them (Mays p. 102). However, the Army denied Mays request and even admitted the Mays was drafted and not exempt because of whom he was (Hirsch p. 145). The Selective Service released a statement and said that Mays â€Å"owes perhaps a greater obligation to his country than other boys, because of his promise in the sports world†, effectively showing that Mays was kept in the Army because of his status as a celebrity (Mays p. 103). Mays then attempted to bea t the system by purposely failing the aptitude test of the military, making him ineligible to serve (Hirsch p. 144). Initially, the draft board announcedShow MoreRelatedJulius And Ethel Rosenberg Was Spies For The Soviet Union Essay1333 Words   |  6 Pagesespionage. Just nine days after Julius was arrested, United States Forces engaged in the Korean War. It is important to understand not only how the Rosenbergs ended up in Sing Sing Prison but also how the United States came to the swift conclusion of sentencing the Rosenbergs to such a severe degree. This was, at the time, considered the most costly and most consequential act of espionage in the Cold War in the eyes of the public. 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Analysis Of The Movie The Ugly Truth - 892 Words

Comedic films and theatrical productions generally focus on the average human. This excludes people with extraordinary amounts of influence or power such as kings, queens or superheroes. Grecian comedy dissects the social or personal aspects of an average human’s life and uncovers their foibles and frailties. A minor weakness will usually lead to the character falling into some form of temptation which stands as the climax of the plot. This minor weakness of the character helps develop the storyline. For example, the play, Lysistrata, centers around the Grecian army and their wives. Aristophanes presents sex as a weakness of men and women in Greece in the play. The temptation for the army wives is to relinquish the sex strike that they†¦show more content†¦Later in the movie, Larry describes Georgia as â€Å"angry and bitter† and she responds, â€Å"Uh, no, Larry, that would be my untouched vagina†. This type of speech carries along throughout the whole film. The character of Mike revolves around buffoonery and making coarse jokes that makes Abby feel uncomfortable. Additionally, the characters use a slew of profanities. In Lysistrata, Lysistrata boldly states she will resist her husband â€Å"Albeit he come to me with an erection...†. The structure of an old Comedy consists of the prologos, parados, agon, parabasis, episodes, and komos. The prologos is the introduction in which the fantasy is explained and developed (Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica). The fantasy that is introduced in the prologos of The Ugly Truth is the idea that men are capable of romantic love regardless of the physical appearance of women. The parados is the part that the audience has to decide to take the position for or against the hero. In The Ugly Truth, the audience is faced with deciding if Mike truly has the key to unlock a man’s heart or if he’s just bitter and mistakenly wrong about male-female relationships. The agon is the debate on opposing principals. Mike and Abby debate if Mike’s ideas are the ideas of a misogynist or if the ideas are really the truth that lies deep in the mind of the human male species. The parabasis is when the topical issue is addressed. Early on in the film, Mike states that men are only inte rested

Water Scarcity Free Essays

Essay’s topic: Water scarcity is one of the key environmental issue of our time. Identify some major causes of water scarcity and describe two solutions. Water plays an important role in developing and maintaining healthy ecosystems. We will write a custom essay sample on Water Scarcity or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, water scarcity is an increasing and widespread phenomenon in many countries in the world. Water scarcity refers to either the lack of enough water or lack of access to safe water. The shortage of water is turning out to be more pressing than prediction. This essay will identify some major causes of water scarcity and specifically focus on the solutions of enhancing water stewardship and protecting wetlands. The first major cause of water scarcity is overpopulation. The rapid growth of population has led to a massive demand of water. In the last 50 years, the human population has increased more than double. Moreover, accompanying with population growth are economic development and industrialization. Population growth also results in the need of food, home and clothing, which has added more pressure on the availability of freshwater while water supplies are limited and insufficiently managed. If the consumption rate of water has continued at unsustainable levels, by 2025, two-third of the world population may face water shortage, and ecosystem around the world will suffer even more. Water pollution is the second major cause of water scarcity. It is the result of many reasons, including pesticides and fertilizers that wash away from farms, untreated household waste and effluent. Even ground water can be polluted because pollution can leach into underground aquifers. Furthermore, harmful bacteria and pollutants may contaminate the freshwater sources and lead to numerous negative effects to health. Water which is wasted, polluted and unsustainably managed has already affected every continent in the world. People who consume inadequate sanitation water are likely exposed to illnesses such as cholera and diarrheal, especially children who die each year from diarrheal. One way to stop water scarcity is to enhance water stewardship. Efficient and effective water management is necessary. Government and the authorities should be responsible for protecting freshwater sources. In addition to that, new laws and regulations about preserving water should be ratified by legislators and helpful methods for sustainable water use should be promoted. Moreover, it is important for countries to expand co-operation with some international organizations in order to take advantage of opportunities to improve water management systems. Protecting wetlands is another approach to halt the process of water shortage. Wetlands are an important part of the national heritage. They provide human not only natural resources, but also water resources. Therefore, programs and projects need to be established and encouraged to be carried out in order to effectively protect wetlands. Besides that, all citizens can help protect wetlands by supporting wetlands conservation initiatives. Water scarcity has become a serious issue for the Earth. The rapidly increasing world population and water pollution have immensely contributed to the situation. There is an urgent need to solve this problem by enhancing water management and preserving wetlands. If the solutions mentioned above are taken into consideration and appropriately applied, water scarcity may be halted. Reference: The Water Project, â€Å"Water scarcity: The importance of water access† , http://thewaterproject. org/water_scarcity. php#. UTQPJTdIOuA. FAO Water, â€Å"Water and poverty, and issue for live and livelihood†, http://www. fao. org/nr/water/issues/scarcity. html United Nations, â€Å"Water for life Decade†, http://www. un. org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity. html World wild life, â€Å"Water scarcity†, http://worldwildlife. org/threats/water-scarcity United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), â€Å"Wetlands protection†, http://water. epa. gov/type/wetlands/protection. cfm ——————————————– [ 1 ]. http://www. fao. o rg/nr/water/issues/scarcity. html [ 2 ]. http://worldwildlife. org/threats/water-scarcity [ 3 ]. http://www. un. org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity. shtml [ 4 ]. http://www. un. org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity. shtml [ 5 ]. http://water. epa. gov/type/wetlands/protection. cfm How to cite Water Scarcity, Essay examples Water Scarcity Free Essays Global Water Scarcity – Problems And Solutions Posted: 23. 12. 2009 author: Tater, Prof. We will write a custom essay sample on Water Scarcity or any similar topic only for you Order Now Dr. Sohan Raj Importance of Water Water is a source of life of every living organism. Without water living beings cannot survive their lives. There is 60% water in human gross body. It is a natural resource that sustains our environments and supports livelihood. Water is the blue gold, and that future wars will be fought for water. So, not a single drop of water received from rain should be allowed to escape into the sea without being utilized for human benefit. The vast majority of the Earth’s water resources are salty water, with only 2. % being fresh water. Approximately 70% of fresh water available on planet is in the icecaps of Antarctica and Greenland leaving the remaining 0. 7% of total water resources worldwide available for consumption. However from this 0. 7%, roughly 87% is allocated to agricultural purposes. These statistics are particularly illustrative of the drastic problem of water scarcity facing humanity. Water scarcity is defined as per capital supplies les s than 1700 M3/year. The comprehensive assessment of water management in agriculture revealed that one in three people are already facing water shortage (2007). Around 1. 2 billion people, or almost one-fifth of the world’s population, live in areas of physical scarcity, while another 1. 6 billion people, or almost one quarter of the world’s population, face economic water shortage (where countries lack the necessary infrastructure to take water from rivers and aquifers); nearly all of which are in the developing countries. Agriculture is a significant cause of water scarcity in much of the world since crop production requires upto 70 times more water than is used in drinking and other domestic purposes. The report says that a rule of thumb is that each calorie consumed as food requires about one litre of water to produce. The amount of water in the world is finite. The number of us is growing fast and our water use is growing even faster. A third of world’s population lives in water stressed countries now. By 2025, this is expected to rise to two-third. The UN recommends that people need a minimum of 50 litres of water a day for drinking, washing, cooking and sanitation. In 1990, over a billion people did not have even that. Causes of Global water Crisis There are four main factors aggravating water scarcity: * Population Growth: In the last century, world population has tripled. It is expected to rise from the present 6. 5 billions to 8. 9 billions by 2050. Water use has been growing at more than twice the rate of population increase in the last century, and although there is no global water scarcity as such, an increasing number of regions are chronically short of water. * Increased urbanization will focus on the demand for water among an over more concentrated population. Asian citizen alone are expected to grow by 1 billion people in the next 20 years. High level of consumption: As the world becomes more developed, the amount of domestic water that each person used is expected to rise significantly. * Climate change will shrink the resources of fresh water   (a) Pollution and disease Global water consumption rose six fold between 1900 and 1995 more than double the rate of population growth – and goes on growing as farmin g, industry and domestic demand all increase. As important as quantity is quality – with pollution increasing in some areas, the amount of useable water declines. More than five millions people die from water-borne diseases each year, 10 times the number killed in wars around the globe. Seventy percent of water used world wide is used for agriculture, much more will be needed if we are to feed world’s growing population – predicted to rise from about six billion to 8. 9 billion by 2050. Consumption will star further as more people expect western – style lifestyle and diets – one kilograms of grain fed beef needs at least 15 cubic meters of water, while a kilo of cereals needs only upto three cubic meters. b) Poverty and Water The poor are the ones who suffer most. Water shortage can mean long walks to fetch water, high price to buy it, food insecurity and disease from drinking dirty water. But the very thing needed to raise funds to tackle water problems in poor countries, economic development – requires yet more water to supply the agriculture and industries which drive it. The UN-backed World commission on water estimated in 2000 that an additional $100 billion a year would be needed to tackle water scarcity would wide. Even if the money can be found, spending it wisely is a further challenge. Dams and other large – scale projects now affect 60% of the world’s largest rivers and provide millions with water. As ground water is exploited, water tables in part of China, India, West Asia, the former Soviet Union and the Western United States are dropping – in India by as much as 3 meters a year in 1999. (c) Melting of Glaciers Global warming is melting glaciers in every region of the world, putting millions of people at risk from floods, draughts and lack of drinking water. Glaciers are ancient rivers of compressed snow that creep through the landscape, shaping the planet’s surface. They are the Earth’s largest fresh water reservoir, collectively covering an area the size of South Antarctica. Glaciers have been retreating worldwide since the end of the little Ice Age (around 1850), but in recent decades glaciers have began melting at rates that cannot be explained by historical trends. One in three people is enduring one form or other of water scarcity, according to a new report from the International Water Management Institute (IWMI). The report says that about one- quarter of the world’s population lives in areas where water is physically scare, while about one – sixth of humanity over a billion people – live where water is economically scares, or places where â€Å"Water is available in rivers and aquifers, but the infrastructure is lacking to make thick water available to people. † In a world of unprecented wealth, almost two million children die-each year for want of a glass of clean water and adequate sanitation. Millions of women and young girls are forced to spend hours collecting and carrying water, restricting their opportunities and their choices. Water – bone infectious diseases are growing in same of the world’s poorest countries. Human development reports 2006 investigates the underlying causes and consequences of a crisis that leaves 1. 2 billion people without access to safe water and 2. 6 billion without access to sanitation. In 2006 the International Management Institute, reported that water scarcity affected a full third of world population. In 2007 the Intergovernmental panel on climate change predicted that due to climate change, the number of people facing water scarcity would grow. Other, too, say that there is a global water crisis, the availability of water is dwindling, the world is running out of the water. Solution of water scarcity (a) Water and Climate change Water scarcity is expected to become an even more important problem than it is today. There are several reasons for this: * First the distribution of precipitation in space and time is very uneven, leading to tremendous temporal variability in water resources worldwide (Oki et al. 003). For example, the Atacama Desert in Chile receives imperceptible annual quantities of rainfall where as Mawsynram, Assam, India receives over 450 inches annually. If the fresh water on the planet were divided equally among the global population, there would be 5000 to 6000 M3 of water available for everyone, every year. * Second the rate of evaporation varies a great deal, depending on temperature and relative humidity, which impact the amount of water available to replenish ground water supplies. The combination of shorter duration but more intense rainfall (meaning more run off and less infiltration) combined with increased evapotranspiration (the sum of evaporation and plant transpiration form the earth’s land surface to atmosphere) and increased irrigation is expected to lead to ground water depletion. According to world bank, as many as two billion people lack adequate sanitation facilities to protect them from water – borne disease, while a billion lack access to clean water altogether. According to United States, which has declared 2005-15 the â€Å"Water for life† decade, 95 percent of the world cities still dump water sewage into their water supplies. Thus it should come as no surprise to know that 80 percent of all the health maladies in developing countries can be traced back to unsanitary water. Developed countries are not immune to fresh water problem either. Researcher found a six-fold increase in water use for only a two-fold increase in population size in the United States since 1900. Such a trend reflects the connection between higher living standards and increased water usage and underscores the need for more sustainable management and use of water supplies even in more developed societies. (b) Technical Solution New technology can help, however, especially by cleaning up pollution and so making more water useable, and in agriculture, where water use can be made for more efficient, drought – resistant plants can also help. Drip irrigation drastically cuts the amount of water needed, low-pressure sprinklers are an improvement, and even building simple earth walls to trap rainfall is helpful. Some countries are now treating wastewater so that it can be used – and drunk – several times over. Desalination makes seawater, but takes huge quantities of energy and leaves vast amount of brine. (c) Climate Change In any case, it is not just us who need water, but every other species that shares the planet with us – as well as the ecosystems on which we, and they, rely. Climate change will also have an impact, some areas will probably benefit from increase rainfall, but other are likely to be loser. We have to rethink how much water we really need if we are to learn how to share the Earth’s supply. While dams and other large-scale schemes play a big role worldwide, there is also a growing recognition of the value of using the water already have more efficiently rather than harvesting ever more from our rivers and aquifers. For millions of people around the world, getting it right is a matter of life and death. (d) The hydrological Cycle The hydrological cycle begins with evaporation from the surface of ocean or land, continues as air carries the water vapour to locations where it forms clouds and eventually precipitates out. It then continues when the precipitation is either absorbed into the ground or runs off to the ocean, ready to begin the cycle over again in an endless loop. The amount of time needed for ground water to recharge can vary with the amount of intensity of precipitation. With world population expected to pass nine billion by mid-century, solutions to water scarcity problems are not going to come easy. Some have suggested that technology – such as large-scale salt water desalination plants – could generate more water for the world use. But environmentalists argue that depleting ocean water is no answer and will only create other big problems. In any case, research and development into improving desalination technologies is ongoing, especially in Saudi Arabia, Israel and Japan. Already an estimated 11,000 desalination plants exist in some 120 countries around the world. Water Management When we think about water scarcity, then, we should not be focusing on an absolute shortfall between the total needs of the earth’s population and the available supply, but on where the useable water is and what it costs to bring enough clean water to where people are. Applying market principles to water would facilitate a more efficient distribution of supply everywhere. Analysts at Harvard Middle East Water Project, for example, advocate assigning a monetary value to fresh water, rather than considering it a free natural commodity. They say such a approach could help mitigate the political and security tensions caused by water scarcity. Falling prices in membrane filtering technology (reverse osmosis) and advances in ultraviolet and ozone disinfections have led to a wide array of off – the shelf water technologies. Large companies such as GE, Siemens and Dow developed these technologies for consumer markets in industrial countries, spurred by the exploding market in bottled water, but they offer interesting spin-offs in developing countries. As individuals, we can also reign in our own water use to help conserve what is becoming an ever more precious resource. We can hold off on watering our lawns in times of drought. And when it does rain, we can gather gutter water in barrels to feed garden hoses and sprinklers. We can turn off the tapes while we brush our teeth or shave, and take shorter showers. In other world, â€Å"Doing more with less is the first and easiest step along the path toward water scarcity. † As a reliable and affordable technology, desalination has come of age in the last two decades. For Iceland cities such as Singapore, or for a new five star hotel on a Pacific atoll, a desalination plant is now standard technology. The cost of desalination has come down rapidly and now ranges from $ 0. 5 – 1. 00 per cubic meter, depending upon price of energy. This is a reasonable price for drinking water in a developed urban area or hotel where the impact on room prices will be only a few dollars per day. For agricultural purposes, however the value of water ranges from several cents per cubic meter to grow crop such as corn, wheat, rice or sugar cane, to half a dollar for intensive flower or vegetable production. Desalination is clearly not an economical option. Desalination is similarly impractical for poor people who live on less than $ 1 or $ 2 per day. Conclusion Water is a source of life of every living organism. Without water living beings cannot survive their lives. There is 60% water in human gross body. It is a natural source that sustains our environments and supports livelihood. Water is the blue gold, and that future wars will be fought for water. So, not a single drop of water received from rain should be allowed to escape into the sea without being utilized for human benefit. Present global water scarcity is defined as per capita supplies less than 1700 M3/year. Around 1. 2 billion people, or almost one-fifth of the world’s population, live in areas of physical scarcity while another 1. 6 billion, or almost one quarter of the world’s population, face economic, water shortage. A third of world’s population lives in water stressed countries now. The report says that a rule of thumb is that each calorie consumed as food requires about one litre of water to produce. Causes of Global water crisis are – population growth, increased urbanization, high level of consumption and climate change which shrink the resources of fresh water, melting of glaciers. More than five millions people die from water-borne diseases each year around the Globe due to drinking polluted water. Underground water table is depleting on an average 3 meters a year as per research conducted in India. One in three people is enduring one form or other of water scarcity around the Globe. Almost two million children die each year for want of a glass of clean water and adequate sanitation. If the fresh water on the planet were divided equally among the global population, there would be 5000 to 6000 M3 of water available for every one, every year. Technical solutions of water scarcity around Globe are Drip irrigation, recycling of sewage water and to make it usable for agriculture, vegetables and bathroom purposes, scientific work over hydrological cycle formation, desalination of saline water, Increasing R. O. technology. We should advocate assigning a monetary value to fresh drinking water, rather than considering it a free natural commodity. Individually every globe citizen should save water in bathing cooking, gardening i. e. their daily use purposes. References * Goudie, As (2006). Global Warming and Fluvial Geomorphology Volume 79, September 2006, 37th Binghamton Geomorphology Symposium – The human role in changing Fluvial Systems. * Huntington, T. G. (2005) Evidence for Intensification of the global water cycle: Review and Synthesis. Journal of Hydrology, 319. * Konikow, Leonard et al. 2005). Ground water Depletion: A Global Problem. Hydrogeology (13). * Nearing, M. A. et al. (2005). Modeling Response of Soil Erosion and Run off to changes in Precipitation and cover. Catena, 61. * Oki, Taikan et al. (2006). Global hydrological Cycles and World Water Resources, Science; 313. * Vorasmarty, Charles et al. (2000). Global Water Resource: Vulnerability from Climate Change and Population Growth, Science, 289. * World Water Assessment Programme, 2003. Water for people, Water for life: The United Nations world water development report. UNESCO: Paris. How to cite Water Scarcity, Papers

Are scientific management and human relations approaches still applicable to organisations of the 21st century free essay sample

Compare traditional and modern organization III. Scientific management and Human relation approach in organization 1. Scientific management in modern organization 2. Human relation approach in modern organization IV. Conclusion List of references I. Introduction Maximizing efficiency, reducing costs and increasing profits are facts which will be always of high interest for companies. In the course of development of organizations different approaches have emerge to fulfill these interest. The purpose of this essay is to explain scientific management and human relations theory and how it is still applicable in 21st century. The paper will start by explaining the meaning of each theory. Then I will give the example to prove the realistic of theories in industry. With the help of these facts it can be shown how different these theories are and whether they achieve the same ends. Without a doubt, scientific management and human relation have changed the way organizations work. Evaluating the benefit and influence is less clear and is subject to individual opinions and arguments. Based on my observation and research, I think that, on the balance, they still applicable to organization in 21st century. However, it is not common as it was in the past. Scientific Management I. 8 Definition An early 20th century school of management thought concerned primarily with the physical efficiency of an individual workers. Scientific management is based on the work of the US engineer Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915) who in his 1911 book The Principles of scientific management laid down the fundamental principles of large-scale manufacturing through assembly-line factories. It emphasizes rationalization and standardization of work through divison of labor, time and motion studies, work measurement, and piece-rate wages. Father of scientific management Frederick Winslow Taylor (20 March 1856 – 21 March 1915), was the founder of the scientific management (SM) also referred to as Taylorism (Thompson and McHugh, 2009, p. 28), was an American mechanical engineer who sought to improve industrial efficiency. I. 10 Over view of scientific management Taylor’s theories were based on a simple interpretation of human behavior that people are motivated solely by money – his term was â€Å"rational man† The old fashioned dictator does not exist under Scientific Management. The man at the head of the business under Scientific Management is governed by rules and laws which have been developed through hundreds of experiments just as much as the workman is, and the standards developed are equitable. I. 11 Objectives To scientifically determine the optimal way to perform a job, Taylor performed experiments that he called time studies, (also known as time and motion studies). These studies were characterized by the use of a stopwatch to time a workers sequence of motions, with the goal of determining the one best way to perform a job. Here is some main objectives: Improvement of efficiency and maximization of profit Increase size is desirable in order to obtain the advantages of the division of labor and specialization of tasks. I. 12 Theories of Taylor To fix these problems and to make enterprises more profitable Taylor looked at the scientific side of establishments and developed four management principles. The first one is the principle of â€Å"developing a science for each element of work† (Thompson and McHugh, 2009, p. 30). Within this principle Taylor summarizes the whole accumulated knowledge of the workers and the company. Hence, he creates rules and norms for each process. Furthermore, he divided the processes in small parts and analyzed them concerning their lead time and course of movement. As a result Taylor could identify and eliminate interference factors (Taylor, 1911, p. 24). The main elements of his theory were: 1. Management is a true science. The solution to the problem of determining fair work standards and practices could be discovered by experimentation and observation. From this, it follows, that there is one right way for work to be performed 2. The selection of workers is a science. Taylor’s first class worker was someone suitable for the job. It was managements role to determine the kind of work for which an employee was most suited, and to hire and assign workers accordingly. 3. Workers are to be developed and trained. It is managements task to not only engineer a job that can be performed efficiently, but management is responsible for training the worker as to how the work is to be performed and for updating practices as better ones are developed. This standardizes how the work is performed in the best way. Scientific management is a collaboration of workers and managers. Managers are not responsible for execution of work, but they are responsible for how the work is done. Planning, scheduling, methods, and training are functions of the manager. University of Bedfordshire Level 1 Core Programme Textbook Volume 1, Week 2 Scientific Management and Human Resources chapter, page 79-80. I. 13 Other theorist about scientific management I. 13. 1 Frank and Lillian Gibreth Frank Bunker Gilbreth (July 7, 1868 – June 14, 1924) A construction contractor by trade, Frank Gilbert gave up his contracting career in 1912 to study scientific management after hearing Taylor speak at the meeting. Frank and his wife Lillian an psychologist studied work to eliminate wasteful hand-and-body motions. The Gilberts also experimented with the design and use of the proper tools and equipments for optimizing work performance. Frank is best known in his experiment in bricklaying. By carefully analyzing the bricklayers job he reduced the number of motions in laying exterior brick from 18 to about 5 and on laying interior brick the motions were reduced from 18 to 2. Using Gilberts techniques the bricklayer could be more productive and less fatigued at the end of the day. About his contribution: -Sought ways to make bricklaying faster and easier Invent a device called micro chronometer that recorded the workers motion and the amount of time spent doing each motion. Wasted motions missed by the naked eye could be identified and eliminated. Devise a classification scheme to label 17 basic hand motions such as search, grasp and hold which they called Theobalds. This scheme allowed the Gilbert a more precise way of analysing a workers exact hand movements https://www. asme. org/engineering-topics/articles/construction-and-building/frank-bunker-gilbreth http://education. blurtit. com/82282/what-do-you-know-about-frank-and-lillian-gilbert- Lillian Moller Gilbreth (May 24, 1878 – January 2, 1972) Lillian Evelyn Moller Gilbreth   was an American  psychologist  and  industrial engineer. One of the first working female  engineers  holding a  Ph. D. , she is arguably the first true  industrial/organizational psychologist. She and her husband  Frank Bunker Gilbreth, Sr. were efficiency experts who contributed to the study of  industrialengineering  in fields such as  motion study  and  human factors. The books  Cheaper by the Dozen  and  Belles on Their Toes  (written by their children  Ernestine  and  Frank Jr. ) are the story of their family life with their twelve children, and describe how they applied their interest in  time and motion study  to the organization and daily activities of such a large family. https://www. sdsc. edu/ScienceWomen/gilbreth. html About her contributions: Help industrial engineers see the importance of the psychological dimensions of work The first American engineer ever to create a synthesis of  psychology and  scientific management by applying the principles of scientific management to household tasks, Gilbreth sought to provide women with shorter, simpler, and easier ways of doing housework to enable them to seek paid employment outside the home. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Lillian_Moller_Gilbreth I. 13. 2 Henry Laurance Gantt (1861-1919) Henry Gantt worked as a teacher, draftsman, and mechanical engineer before making his mark as an early 20th century management consultant. He authored two books on the topic, and in the 1910s he developed the scheduling and monitoring diagram, now called Gantt charts and used ubiquitously across industry and manufacturing, which provide easy, visual data on project planning and progress. He initiated the task and bonus wage method, wherein workers are paid a regular wage for time worked, and also paid an additional bonus if their labor exceeds productivity targets. He is the namesake of the annual Gantt Medal, awarded since 1929 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers for distinguished achievement in  management and for service to the community. Gantt wrote, I have never had any opposition whatever from the workman that was not immediately overcome as soon as he understood what we are doing. He maintained that it is counterproductive to treat labor poorly, and proposed that workers and management share the common goal of producing a high-quality product. As a matter of principle he refused any assignment where the company that sought his advice had not read and agree with the principles explained in his book,  Work, Wages, and Profits. Author of books: Work, Wages, and Profits: Their Influence on the Cost of Living  (1910, economics) Industrial Leadership  (1916, nonfiction) Organizing for Work  (1919, nonfiction) http://www. ganttchart. com/ About his contribution: Develop the management system that was methodological and goal oriented which assist in planning and organizing methods with use â€Å"Bar charts† as a project management tool. Contribute the concept of Industrial Efficiency, by applying scientific management analysis to all aspect of the work in progress. The industrial management role is to improve the system by eliminating chance and accidents. His concept of the Task and Bonus system linked the bonus paid to managers and employees to how well they improve performance. I. 14 Pros and cons of scientific management I. 14. 1 Pros Labor productivity increased significantly, lower cost, the end result is higher profits for both owners and workers. Strengthening the relationship between workers and managers, develop team spirit and relationships between workers and managers Managers are more likely to compete with other manager. The role of managers is further enhanced. It reduces conflicts and ambiguity. It leads to good Planning. Develop leadership qualities The value of Scientific Management theory can still be used in modern industry. I. 14. 2 Cons Although method led to increases in productivity and to higher pay, but   workers and unions began to oppose his approach because as they feared that working harder or faster would exhaust whatever work was available causing layoffs. Even if one is ready to pay more money but the employee does not have job satisfaction his efficiency may decrease Failure to give guidelines to goals Failure to teach philosophy of MBO Managers compitition may lead to tug of war It’s not easily possible to apply this theory where output is not in form of units. Taylor’s emphasis on the control and the control was somehow underestimated the human element as a whole individual turns of a social relationship. Due to the emphasis on performance at the operational level and to save time by researching and pulling movements have brought attention to the effective management of governance at the operational level in the general aspect re not focused. Only apply well in stable environments It lead to some unscrupulous practices like Rate cutting. 2. Human Relation approach

Living Conditions in Kenya Essay Example

Living Conditions in Kenya Essay Life CONDITIONS IN KENYA 1 This paper analyzes the life conditions in Kenya. Kenya is the biggest economic system in East Africa, and it has contributed greatly into the stabilisation of East African states. This includes Somalia, where the state has sent military personnels to assist in reconstructing order and security within the part. In explicating the life conditions in Kenya, this paper uses the societal justness theory, and the moralss of virtuousness theory. The moralss of virtuousness theory lays an accent on the function of an individual’s character, for intents of measuring and analysing the ethical behaviour of a individual ( Clayton and Williams, 2004 ) . Social justness theory on the other manus develops the rules that govern the societal order of a society. Social Justice refers to the ability that people have, for intents of recognizing their potencies, within the society in which they live ( Clayton and Williams, 2004 ) . On this footing, there is a demand of set uping establishments th at would assist the society to take a better and fulfilling life. The rules established by the theory of societal justness are, personal and political autonomies, equal chances, etc. This paper argues that the life conditions in Kenya are hapless, and bulk of people are unable to acquire better services because of inefficiency in the mode in which the national authorities distributes resources to the grassroots degree. We will write a custom essay sample on Living Conditions in Kenya specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Living Conditions in Kenya specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Living Conditions in Kenya specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Before December 2007, Kenya was categorized as one of the success narratives in Africa. This is because the state was sing a fledging democracy, and an unprecedented economic growing, which was characterized by a flourishing touristry industry ( Williams, 2012 ) . It is of import to understand that the population of the state is approximated at 35.5 million people, with about 10 million people populating in the urban countries ( Oppong and Oppong, 2012 ) . The capital metropolis is in Nairobi, with over three million people shacking in it. The 2007 elections in Kenya culminated into an electoral force that was so terrible and lifelessly. This force shocked the full universe, and this is because Kenya has been regarded as a symbol of peace and stableness within a part that was infested with civil wars and armed struggles. Kenya faces a series of jobs, such as corruptness, HIV/AIDS, higher criterions of life, poorness, malnutrition and hungriness, a hapless wellness sector, tribalism, and hapless leading and administration ( Oppong and Oppong, 2012 ) . These mentioned jobs are the chief causes that make the life conditions in Kenya to be hapless and substandard. For case, it is estimated that kids below 15 old ages of age signifier 50 % of the entire population of the state ( Campbell, Gray and Radak, 2011 ) . On this footing, the state faces a high dependence load, which is responsible for making a competition for the chief intent accessing quality instruction, wellness attention services, and other societal services. It is of import to understand that in every bit much as the economic system of the state usually see some growing, more than half of the population of the state live in poorness ( Williams, 2012 ) . That is they live in less than a dollar per twenty-four hours. The most vulnerable people are kids and adult females populating in rural countries, and in slums ( Oppong and Oppong, 2012 ) . Poverty in the state is attributed to inefficient administration construction that does non guarantee the just distribution of resources to the grassroots degree. Poverty is besides attributed to the widespread corruptness within the state ( Williams, 2012 ) . In fact, in an one-year study of the states that is the most corrupt in the universe. Kenya ranks amongst the most corrupt states in t he universe. Corruptness is widespread within the state, and it is really hard for an person to acquire services from the authorities without corrupting a authorities functionary ( Oppong and Oppong, 2012 ) . Amongst the establishments where corruptness thrives, are the constabulary forces, the military units, the bench, and sections responsible for supplying in-migration services. Harmonizing to the societal justness theory, it is the function of the authorities to supply a conducive ambiance that can assist people to do wealth, and live in prosperity. Eradication of poorness should be one of the major concerns of the authorities, and hence establishments must be put in topographic point, for intents of assisting the authorities to contend poorness, and its causes ( Williams, 2012 ) . It is of import to understand that there have been attempts and schemes developed for intents of contending corruptness within the state, which is one of the major, causes of poorness. Institutions such as the Kenya Anti Corruption Authority were established. However, these establishments have failed to undertake the jobs of corruptness, because of deficiency of authorities will. For case, there have been major dirts affecting the larceny of public money, and this includes the Goldenberg saga, whereby a concern adult male, with the aid of top authorities functionaries decided to steal revenue enhancement payer’s money by feigning that they could provide gold, to the state militias in the 1990s ( Oppong and Oppong, 2012 ) . Billions of shillings were lost in this procedure. Another state of affairs is the Anglo leasing dirt, which came to come up in 2005 whereby top authorities functionaries were able to steal one million millions of shillings from the authorities. It is of import to denote that failure by authorities anti-corruption establishments to forestall these dirts was an unfairness to the Kenyan society ( Williams, 2012 ) . This is every bit harmonizing to the societal justness theory, which lays accent on establishments to assist in advancing societal justness, and this includes equality of chance, and personal and political freedom. For illus tration, due to corruptness, the province is unable to raise financess that can assist it to develop roads, better on the instruction and wellness attention system, etc. On this footing, the authorities is forced to utilize the limited resources it has to develop certain countries, go forthing other parts in their development docket. This is clearly against the societal justness theory which advocates for just distribution of resources ( Hooft, 2006 ) . To cut down the jobs of corruptness in Kenya, there is a demand of utilizing the rules contained in the virtuousness theories of moralss for intents of commanding the behaviour of its senior authorities functionaries. This theory focuses on methods of bettering the morality of people, by set uping the regulations and processs that the people under consideration should follow. For illustration, corruptness is a negative phenomenon in the state, and there is a demand of set uping constabularies and mechanisms of contending corruptness. On this footing, the Kenyan authorities demands to ordain assorted Torahs and processs aimed at contending corruptness, and detering the frailty ( Williams, 2012 ) . These processs could include demonising this facet of corruptness, by taking civil retainers to developing seminars with the purpose of sensitising them on the dangers of corruptness. Through these actions, opportunities are high that the authorities might transfuse the moral virtuousnesss of honestness, and the demand to function amongst its senior civil retainers ( Hooft, 2006 ) . This will hold an consequence of minimising corruptness, taking to the decrease of poorness within the state ( Gifford, 2009 ) . Another factor that leads to hapless life criterions in the state is the country’s wellness sector, which is inefficient, and lacks adept medical practicians to work in these sectors. It is of import to understand that Kenya lacks adequate physicians and nurses to work in its wellness sector. The chief ground of this deficit is that the state does non hold equal preparation installations and resources that can ease the preparation of more medical practicians, and later en gaging these people ( Hornsby, 2012 ) . However, it is of import to understand that the country that is affected largely by this deficit of physicians is in rural countries. This is because most practicians do non like working in these countries because the wage is small, and they have small chances of progressing in their callings. Doctors in rural countries are ever employed by the authorities, and the wage offered by the authorities is non ever moneymaking ( Hooft, 2006 ) . On this footing, these physicians would instead remain in urban countries, where they can acquire better occupations, with honoring wage. On this footing, there is unjust distribution of service, with the rural countries being at a disadvantage. In the position of the societal justness theory, this is injustice, because people are unable to get services, which they have a right to ( Hooft, 2006 ) . This is because they are revenue enhancement remunerators, and therefore the authorities needs to supply the wellness attention services that they need. The instruction system in Kenya is besides hapless, and it favors kids from the rich background. In every bit much as the authorities introduced a cosmopolitan free primary instruction in the state, the educative services provided are non up to the criterion. This is because schoolrooms are congested, and there are cases whereby two kids are forced to portion a desk ( Haustein, 2011 ) . There is besides a deficit of instructors, and the authorities is loath to engage more instructors because it lacks the necessary financess to transport out the exercising. On this footing, the quality of instruction provided in authorities schools is low, and this is ever reflected in national test, where pupils from authorities schools do non execute better than pupils at private schools ( Haustein, 2011 ) . It is hence of import to understand that parents prefer taking their kids to private schools, for them to entree quality and good instruction. However, these schools are ever really expensive, a nd out of range of bulk of Kenyans. It is hence accurate to understand that the instruction system in Kenya is prefering the rich, and this goes against the rules established by the societal justness theory ( Clayton and Williams, 2004 ) . Harmonizing to this rule, there must be equity in the sharing of authorities resources, and on this footing, the Government failed in this sphere ( Hooft, 2006 ) . All that the authorities needs to make is to better the construction of free primary instruction, engage more instructors, construct more schools and schoolroom, and better on the accomplishments that its instructors have. By making this, opportunities are high that the authorities would better the quality of free primary instruction. From the position of the societal justness theory, it is the establishment of administration that plays a great function in guaranting whether there is just or unjust distribution of educational resources ( Williams, 2012 ) . This is because it is the authorities that has the duty of supplying instruction to the citizens of the state. Tribalism is besides a factor that leads to unjust distribution of resources. This is because senior authorities functionaries are acute at developing countries where their folks come from, at the disbursal of the full state. Loyalty is to the folk, as opposed to the whole state. In decision, the hapless life conditions in Kenya are chiefly caused by corruptness, and unjust distribution of resources. The societal justness theory and the virtuousness of moralss theory can be used to efficaciously explicate and supply a solution to these jobs. For case, the societal justness theory advocators for the publicity of just distribution of resources, and personal every bit good as political freedoms. In the position of this theory, establishments play a great function in guaranting that there is an just distribution of resources and the personal and political freedoms of people are guaranteed. On this footing, when these societal immoralities are depicted in a society, so the establishments of the society under consideration have failed. The same can be applied in the Kenyan state of affairs, whereby the establishments formed by the authorities to contend poorness, corruptness, tribalism and other ailments in the society have failed. The virtuousness moralss theory o n the other manus emphasizes on morality and the demand of holding a good character. Corruptness is an illustration a character that is non good, and this will take to the outgrowth of other societal ailments such as poorness, and in just distribution of wealth. On this footing, the authorities needs to engage people of unity and moral character for intents of keeping senior authorities offices. Bibliography: Campbell, B. C. , Gray, P. B. , A ; Radak, J. ( 2011 ) . In the Company of Work force: Quality of Life and Social Support Among the Ariaal of Northern Kenya.Journal of Cross-Cultural Geriatrics,26( 3 ) , 221-237. Clayton, M. , A ; Williams, A. ( 2004 ) .Social justness. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub.. Gifford, P. ( 2009 ) .Christianity, political relations and public life in Kenya. New York: Columbia University Press. Haustein, J. ( 2011 ) .Christianity, Politics and Public Life in Kenya.Pneuma,33( 1 ) , 134-135. Hooft, S. v. ( 2006 ) .Understanding virtuousness moralss. Chesham [ U.K. : Acumens. Hornsby, C. ( 2012 ) .Kenya a history since independency. New York: I. B. Tauris. Oppong, J. R. , A ; Oppong, E. D. ( 2004 ) .Kenya. Philadelphia: Chelsea House. Williams, L. ( 2012 ) .Kenya enchiridion( 3rd ed. ) . Bath: Footprint.

All About Geography Questions and Answers

All About Geography Questions and Answers While the word geography is derived from Greek and literally means to write about the earth, the subject of geography is much more than describing foreign places or memorizing the names of capitals and countries. Geography is an all-encompassing discipline that seeks to understand the world - Â  its human and physical features - through an understanding of place and location. Geographers study where things are and how they got there. My favorite definitions for geography are the bridge between the human and physical sciences and the mother of all sciences. Geography looks at the spatial connection between people, places, and the earth. How Is Geography Different from Geology? Many people have an idea of what a geologist does but dont have any idea of what a geographer does. While geography is commonly divided into human geography and physical geography, the difference between physical geography and geology is often confusing. Geographers tend to study the surface of the earth, its landscapes, its features, and why they are where they are. Geologists look deeper into the earth than do geographers and study its rocks, the internal processes of the earth (such as plate tectonics and volcanoes), and study periods of earth history many millions and even billions of years ago. How Does One Become a Geographer? An undergraduate (college or university) education in geography is an important beginning to becoming a geographer. With a bachelors degree in geography, a geography student can begin working in a variety of fields. While many students begin their career after achieving an undergraduate education, others continue on. A masters degree in geography is very helpful for the student who desires to teach at the high school or community college level, to be a cartographer or GIS specialist, of work in business or government. A doctorate in geography (Ph.D.) is necessary if one wishes to become a full professor at a university. Although, many Ph.D.s in geography continue on to form consulting firms, become administrators in government agencies, or attain high-level research positions in corporations or think-tanks. The best resource for learning about colleges and universities that offer degrees in geography is the annual publication of the Association of American Geographers, the Guide to Programs in Geography in the United States and Canada. What Does a Geographer Do? Unfortunately, the job title of geographer is not often found in companies or government agencies (with the most notable exception of the U.S. Census Bureau). However, more and more companies are recognizing the skill that a geographically-trained individual brings to the table. Youll find many geographers working as planners, cartographers (map makers), GIS specialists, analysis, scientists, researchers, and many other positions. Youll also find many geographers working as instructors, professors, and researchers at schools, colleges, and universities. Why Is Geography Important? Being able to view the world geographically is a fundamental skill for everyone. Understanding the connection between the environment and people, geography ties together diverse sciences as geology, biology, and climatology with economics, history, and politics based on location. Geographers understand conflict around the world because so many factors are involved. Who Are the Fathers of Geography? The Greek scholar Eratosthenes, who measured the circumference of the earth and was the first to use the word geography, is commonly called the father of geography. Alexander von Humboldt is commonly called the father of modern geography and William Morris Davis is commonly called the father of American geography. How Can I Learn More About Geography? Taking geography courses, reading geography books, and, of course, exploring this site are great ways to learn. You can increase your geographic literacy of places around the world by getting a good atlas, such as Goodes World Atlas and use it to look up unfamiliar places anytime you encounter them while reading or watching the news. Before long, youll have a great knowledge of where places are. Reading travelogues and historical books can also help improve your geographic literacy and understanding of the world - Â  theyre some of my favorite things to read. What Is the Future of Geography? Things are looking up for geography! More and more schools across the United States are offering or requiring geography be taught at all levels, especially high school. The introduction of the Advanced Placement Human Geography course in high schools in the 2000-2001 school year increased the number of college-ready geography majors, thus increasing the numbers of geography students in undergraduate programs. New geography teachers and professors are needed in all areas of the educational system as more students begin learning geography. GIS (Geographic Information Systems) has become popular in many different disciplines and not just geography. The career opportunities for geographers with technical skills, especially in the area of GIS, is excellent and should continue to grow.

The Making of Company Name Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Making of Company Name - Assignment Example Since Waxing Company wants to expand its business to European and American markets, it should adopt a name that fits the general market and the target customers. Some of the names that the company can adopt for its new markets are as proposed below. The name Five Star Electros can be an ideal name that Wuxing Company can decide to adopt since it contains the aspect of originality. Adopting this name will enable the potential customers to link the company directly to its parent company in China. In addition, the name Five Star Electros shows originality and business superiority in the automobile industry and thus will generate the notion that the company’s products are of high quality. Moreover, this name is generally acceptable globally, simple and very easy to recall and thus both the European an American customers will be able to relate to it. Equally important, the name Roadster Technologies will be a perfect fit for Wuxing Company. This name has numerous advantages that ca n enable Wuxing to penetrate the new market. Apart from being a unique name, it can attract the attention of the potential customers since the term Roadster creates a â€Å"superior† image on the minds of the customer. Furthermore, the term Technology will identify the manufactured products as being effective, efficient, and durable and of very high quality. To repeat, this name will fit the company’s objective to describe its products as high quality, original, of innovative design and lifestyle among other features. Imagine walking across a busy street and then all of a sudden you notice that you have seen a company premise that has been labeled Deluxe Auto Dikes. Chances are that if you are a motorbike â€Å"lover,† you will turn back and look again. This is so because the name Deluxe is generally attractive and thus this name will capture the attention of the customers in the new market.