The Importance Of Determining A Plant Location

The Importance Of Determining A Plant Location The area of a plant or office is the topographical situating of an activity comparative with the info assets and different tasks or clients with which it collaborates. Andrew Greasly (2003) distinguished three fundamental reasons why an area choice is required. The main explanation is that another organization has been made and needs an office to make items or convey a support of its clients. The subsequent explanation is that there is a choice to move a current business because of various factors, for example, the requirement for bigger premises or to be more like a specific client base. The third explanation is move into new premises so as to extend tasks. Choices with respect to where an association can find its plant or office are not taken regularly, anyway they despite everything will in general be significant for the organizations productivity and long haul endurance. An association which picks an unseemly area for its premises could experience the ill effects of various factors, and would think that its troublesome and costly to migrate. Area choices will in general be taken more regularly for administration tasks than assembling offices. Offices for administration related organizations are normally littler in size, less exorbitant, and are situated in an area that is advantageous and effectively open to clients (Russell and Taylor, 2003). When choosing where to find an assembling office various reasons apply, for example, the expense of developing a plant or manufacturing plant. In spite of the fact that the most imporant factor for a help related business is access to clients, a lot of various rules are significant for an assem bling office (Russell and Taylor, 2003). These incorporate the idea of the work power, closeness to providers and different markets, dissemination and transportation costs, the accessibility of vitality and its cost, network foundation, government regualtions and charges, among others (Russell and Taylor, 2003). Area Strategy The offices area issue is one vital in a wide range of business. It is critical to see the various issues that may emerge while attempting to pick an appropriate area. Typically, the choice on siting continues in two phases: in the principal, the general region is picked; and afterward a definite study of that territory is done to discover reasonable locales where the plant or office could be found (Muhlemann, Oakland and Lockyer, 1992). Be that as it may, an official choice regarding where to find an office is made by thinking about progressively definite necessities. Coming up next are various elements which may impact the decision of area (Muhlemann, Oakland and Lockyer, 1992). Vicinity to showcase: associations may wish to find their office near their market, to have the option to bring down transportation costs, and in particular, to have the option to give their clients a superior assistance. On the off chance that the plant or office is found near the client, the association would be in a superior situation to give in the nick of time conveyance, to react to variances sought after and to respond to field or administration issues. Accessibility of work and abilities: various topographical zones have customary aptitudes yet it is exceptionally hard for an association to discover an area which has the suitable talented and untalented work, both promptly accessible and in the ideal amounts. All things being equal, new aptitudes can be tought, forms improved and key work force moved starting with one region then onto the next. Accessibility of luxuries: associations would want to find their offices in an area which gives great outside courtesies, for example, lodging, shops, network administrations and correspondence frameworks. Accessibility of sources of info: an area which is close to principle providers will assist with diminishing cost and permit staff to meet providers effectively to talk about quality, specialized or conveyance issues, among others. It is likewise significant that specific supplies which are costly or hard to secure by transport ought to be promptly accessible in the region. Accessibility of administrations: there are six fundamental administrations which should be considered while an area is being picked to be specific; gas and power, water, seepage, removal of waste and interchanges. An appraisal must be made of the prerequisites for these, and an area which gives most or these administrations will be more appealing than another which doesn't. Space for extension: associations should leave space for development inside the picked area except if long haul gauge pass on precisely that the plant will never must be adjusted or extended. This is frequently not the case and subsequently satisfactory space for extension ought to be permitted. Security necessities: certain creation and assembling units may introduce likely dangers to the encompassing neighborhood. For instance certain plants, for example, atomic force stations and compound manufacturing plants ought to be situated in remote territories. Site cost: the expense of the site is a significant factor, anyway it is important to keep quick profit by risking the drawn out plans of an association. Political, social and monetary circumstance: it is additionally imperative to think about the political circumstance of expected areas. Regardless of whether different contemplations request a specific site, information on the political, social and monetary troubles can help with taking various choices. Unique awards, provincial assessments and import/send out boundaries: it is frequently advantegous for an association to manufacture its plant or office in an area where the administration and nearby specialists regularly offer uncommon awards, low-intrigue credits, low rental or charges and different awards. Area Selection Techniques The area choice procedure includes the recognizable proof of a reasonable district/nation, the indentification of a proper zone inside that locale lastly looking at and choosing a site from that zone which is appropriate for an association. Coming up next are various expository strategies from the few that have been created to help firms while picking an area. Weighted Score The weithed scoring method attempts to consider a scope of contemplations, including cost (Greasly, 2006). This strategy, which is likewise alluded to as factor rating, comprises of deciding a rundown of variables that are applicable to the area choice. Each factor is then given a weighting that passes on its significance contrasted and different elements. Every area is then scored on each factor and this score is duplicated by the factor esteem. The option with the most noteworthy score is then picked (Greasly, 2006). Locational Break-Even Analysis This method utilizes cost-volume investigation to make a financial correlation of area options. An association would need to distinguish the fixed and variable expenses and charting them for every area, therefore figuring out which one gives the most reduced expense. Locational make back the initial investment investigation might be done scientifically or graphically. The technique for graphical cost-volume investigation is as per the following (Falzon, 2009): Decide the fixed and variable expenses for every area. Plot the all out expense (for example the fixed + the variable) lines for the area choices on the diagram. Pick the area with the most reduced complete cost line at the normal creation volume level. 2.1.2 Plant Layout As per Andrew Greasly (2007), the format of a plant or office is worried about the physical position of assets, for example, gear and storerooms, which ought to be intended to encourage the effective progression of clients or materials through the assembling or administration framework. He additionally noticed that the format configuration is significant and ought to be paid attention to very as it can significantly affect the expense and effectiveness of an activity and can include considerable interest in time and cash. The choices taken concerning the office format will impact how effectively laborers will have the option to do their employments, how much and how quick merchandise can be delivered, that it is so hard to robotize a framework, and how the framework set up would have the option to react to any progressions with respect to item or administration structure, item blend, or request volume (Russell and Taylor, 2003). In numerous tasks the establishment of another design, or upgrade of a current format, can be hard to change once they are actualized because of the critical venture required on things, for example, hardware. In this way, it is basic to settle on sure that the arrangement choices identifying with the association, technique and work process are made before the offices are spread out as opposed to attempting to fit these three into the design. This is a significant territory of creation and activities the executives since it is managing the capital hardware of the association which, when all is said in done, is hard to migrate once it has been placed into position. Muhlemann, Oakland and Lockyer (1992) clarified that the plant format process is somewhat perplexing, which can't be set down with any conclusion, and one in which experience has an incredible influence. The creator likewise clarified that it is incomprehensible for an association to plan the ideal format, anyway he talked about various standards which ought to be followed to structure a decent design, in particular the accompanying: Greatest Flexibility A decent format ought to be planned so that adjustments could quickly occur to meet evolving conditions, and accordingly ought to be conceived with the conceivable future needs of the activity at the top of the priority list. Greatest Co-appointment The format ought to be planned so that section into, and removal from, any division or utilitarian region ought to be done in the most helpful manner to the giving and recieving offices. Greatest utilization of volume The office ought to be considered as cubic gadgets and greatest use is to be made of the volume accessible. This rule is valuable in stores, where merchandise

How would you stop bullying in schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

How might you quit tormenting in schools - Essay Example The previous casualty increases confidence and a more grounded character, while the vanquished menace is served a harsh exercise that will unquestionably make them ponder their life decisions and addition a longing to change. Tragically, nothing about tormenting or being a survivor of harassing, all things considered, is this straightforward. Tormenting is a consequence of complex social collaborations that include numerous parts of individual and public connections. A comprehension of the harasser casualty relationship, the inspirations of both domineering jerk and casualty and how society handles this dynamic is fundamental if tormenting is to be forestalled. The best harassing counteraction plans incorporate components that address the worries and inspiration of casualties and menaces. These plans likewise incorporate components intended to prepare instructors, bosses, mentors and guardians in genuine strategies that permit them to help casualties and connect with menaces. At last, these projects will work with assets inside the network, for example, Student Resource Officers (SROs) and other law authorization elements to teach the whole network about the changing essence of tormenting from a lawful angle. This is particularly useful with the ascent in new types of tormenting, for example, Cyber-tormenting and inapprop riate behavior. The best way to forestall harassing is to adopt an all encompassing strategy to the marvel Generally, tormenting counteraction programs have concentrated on the harasser. The idea was that in the event that the domineering jerk could be contained, at that point the other potential casualties could be shielded from socially or genuinely forceful people. Ongoing investigations recommend that advising or rebuffing menaces is just a single piece of the anticipation program. Tormenting, specialists have found, includes three particular gatherings of people; the domineering jerks, the people in question and the observers (Breaking†¦, 2010). Tending to the job of each is basic to shaping an all encompassing way to deal with harassing counteraction programs. Beginning with the people in question, not

places around and at mit

places around and at mit this post is just a filler post so i meet my self-set goal of a blog a week as im currently working on a semester recap video blogpost that documents my time here at mitbut im really lazy and its difficult to compile footage all together and im really trying my best. but yes. if my blogpost were a series, this is a filler episode. One of the great things about MIT is its location. Youre in this hub of great scientific and technological advancement, as well as close to one of the busiest and bustling cities in the world, Boston. During my time here, Ive tried to make an effort to explore campus and its surrounding city area since this is probably the most free time Ill have over these next four years. In these past months, my friends and I have discovered our fair share of places around the Cambridge-Boston area that have left great impacts on us, both negative and positive. Ive compiled two lists of godless and sacred places that our friends have found this past semester. Godless and Holy Places around MIT according to crabmeats01 my friend group! Godless Places Chicago Pizza Raymond and Aiden once went here because it was 3 in the morning and Beantown was closed Raymond asked for a hamburger It was served to him on a sandwich bun, cut in half, undercooked. Absolutely godless. Legal Seafood Boston is supposed to be a place of good seafood. Do not go here for good seafood. There are so many better places. Annas This is a heated debate amongst crabmeats because Chambers would argue that Annas is delicious while us Californians who miss Mexican food back home will argue that Annas is, in fact, not it. But since Im making this blogpost: Its godless. ZBT Basement ZBT house is beautiful and actually really nice, the ZBT boys do a good job of keeping the house clean. Probably the cleanest frat Ive been to. But also when its 70 people cramped down in the basement for a party and you go to lean against the walls and the walls are Damp? Truly godless. Im also only calling out this specific basement because crabmeats has frequented it a lot just because Raymonds in ZBT and we like to tease him for being our only fratboy representation. 8.01/8.02 TEAL room Every time I walk by the TEAL room I want to vomit. I have so much trauma from 8.01. Aiden and Emma, who braved through 8.01 instead of transferring to 8.01L like I did, also agree that TEAL is godless. Simmons Ballpit no comments just peak your head in and inhale. Loop Stove she takes an hour to preheat, occasionally smells like gas a bit too strongly, kind of unreliable. Very terrifying. Holy Places Beantown at 2AM When youre walking back from a party and youre hungry and its like 2 in the morning, you know theres always one place you can rely on. Beantown. Is a favorite amongst all of crabmeats the perfect late night snack Apple Cinemas a tiny theatre we stumbled upon when I came back on a Tuesday night from Thanksgiving break we impulse bought tickets to Frozen 2 and realized they had a Bargain Tuesday deal aka tickets were only $4.75 it is just a high quality theater thats kind of small and cute and just really nice Courthouse Seafood okay so Raymond went to this place two years ago for some robotics thing and he went to this really good seafood place with, as he says, really soft salmon and the best salmon [hes] ever had however, he forgot the name of it UNTIL TWO DAYS AGO where he remembered the name of it by looking back in his messenger conversations to find the name we went here today thinking raymond was overexaggerating how good the salmon was BUT NO. THIS SHIT SLAPPED. IT WAS SO GOOD? IT WAS SO SOFT? AND TENDER? THE SALMON WAS AMAZING? BUT ALSO LITERALLY  EVERYTHING ELSE WAS SO GOOD TOO i got clam chowder and a crabcake and it was AMAZING while caroline got fish and chips which was so soft and flavorful and raymond and aiden both got their salmon dinnersso goodSo holy Stud 5 P E A K PRODUCTIVITY. TRULY. Stud5 air just HITS different and you just get so much work done here. i dont know whats in those vents but truly, i am my most productive here. Z Center hi qual gym equipment in a positive nice environment MIT.nano pretty, nice, quiet! great study area IHOP ihop really hits when you go at 12 in the morning. we go to the one near harvard and honestly eating breakfast foods at godless hours makes it holy. my friend group! back to text ?

American Baseball in the Korean War - 3283 Words

American Baseball: Serving in Korea, but Larger than the War The Korean War, ranging from 1950-1953, marked the end to a major era in the sporting world as it was the last time professional athletes were expected to fight in war, regardless of their status as celebrities. Because of the time frame of the Korean War, famous athletes such as Ted Williams, Willie Mays, and Mickey Mantle, some of the greatest to ever play the game of baseball, were expected to be willing and able to fight. Each one of these men had different stories and attitudes when they were called on to serve, but one common denominator of all the men is that their legacies as soldiers were soon forgotten, whether positive or negative, in favor of their legacies as†¦show more content†¦179). Another player affected severely by military service was the great outfielder for the New York Giants, Willie Mays. Mays had just begun a promising young career in 1951 and was already considered one of the best players in baseball. While not as wildly popular as Ted Williams , Mays was still a very popular and prominent player with a great future, making the news of the Selective Service calling Mays’ number in 1952 a fairly large deal (Hirsch p. 143). Originally, Mays applied to be deferred because of â€Å"extreme hardship to dependents†, and believed he would not have to serve (Hirsch p. 143). Mays had a mother, step-father, and nine siblings in which his paycheck from the Giants helped support, and the $75 per month salary the Army was offering would not be able to support them (Mays p. 102). However, the Army denied Mays request and even admitted the Mays was drafted and not exempt because of whom he was (Hirsch p. 145). The Selective Service released a statement and said that Mays â€Å"owes perhaps a greater obligation to his country than other boys, because of his promise in the sports world†, effectively showing that Mays was kept in the Army because of his status as a celebrity (Mays p. 103). Mays then attempted to bea t the system by purposely failing the aptitude test of the military, making him ineligible to serve (Hirsch p. 144). Initially, the draft board announcedShow MoreRelatedJulius And Ethel Rosenberg Was Spies For The Soviet Union Essay1333 Words   |  6 Pagesespionage. Just nine days after Julius was arrested, United States Forces engaged in the Korean War. It is important to understand not only how the Rosenbergs ended up in Sing Sing Prison but also how the United States came to the swift conclusion of sentencing the Rosenbergs to such a severe degree. This was, at the time, considered the most costly and most consequential act of espionage in the Cold War in the eyes of the public. 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Analysis Of The Movie The Ugly Truth - 892 Words

Comedic films and theatrical productions generally focus on the average human. This excludes people with extraordinary amounts of influence or power such as kings, queens or superheroes. Grecian comedy dissects the social or personal aspects of an average human’s life and uncovers their foibles and frailties. A minor weakness will usually lead to the character falling into some form of temptation which stands as the climax of the plot. This minor weakness of the character helps develop the storyline. For example, the play, Lysistrata, centers around the Grecian army and their wives. Aristophanes presents sex as a weakness of men and women in Greece in the play. The temptation for the army wives is to relinquish the sex strike that they†¦show more content†¦Later in the movie, Larry describes Georgia as â€Å"angry and bitter† and she responds, â€Å"Uh, no, Larry, that would be my untouched vagina†. This type of speech carries along throughout the whole film. The character of Mike revolves around buffoonery and making coarse jokes that makes Abby feel uncomfortable. Additionally, the characters use a slew of profanities. In Lysistrata, Lysistrata boldly states she will resist her husband â€Å"Albeit he come to me with an erection...†. The structure of an old Comedy consists of the prologos, parados, agon, parabasis, episodes, and komos. The prologos is the introduction in which the fantasy is explained and developed (Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica). The fantasy that is introduced in the prologos of The Ugly Truth is the idea that men are capable of romantic love regardless of the physical appearance of women. The parados is the part that the audience has to decide to take the position for or against the hero. In The Ugly Truth, the audience is faced with deciding if Mike truly has the key to unlock a man’s heart or if he’s just bitter and mistakenly wrong about male-female relationships. The agon is the debate on opposing principals. Mike and Abby debate if Mike’s ideas are the ideas of a misogynist or if the ideas are really the truth that lies deep in the mind of the human male species. The parabasis is when the topical issue is addressed. Early on in the film, Mike states that men are only inte rested

Water Scarcity Free Essays

Essay’s topic: Water scarcity is one of the key environmental issue of our time. Identify some major causes of water scarcity and describe two solutions. Water plays an important role in developing and maintaining healthy ecosystems. We will write a custom essay sample on Water Scarcity or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, water scarcity is an increasing and widespread phenomenon in many countries in the world. Water scarcity refers to either the lack of enough water or lack of access to safe water. The shortage of water is turning out to be more pressing than prediction. This essay will identify some major causes of water scarcity and specifically focus on the solutions of enhancing water stewardship and protecting wetlands. The first major cause of water scarcity is overpopulation. The rapid growth of population has led to a massive demand of water. In the last 50 years, the human population has increased more than double. Moreover, accompanying with population growth are economic development and industrialization. Population growth also results in the need of food, home and clothing, which has added more pressure on the availability of freshwater while water supplies are limited and insufficiently managed. If the consumption rate of water has continued at unsustainable levels, by 2025, two-third of the world population may face water shortage, and ecosystem around the world will suffer even more. Water pollution is the second major cause of water scarcity. It is the result of many reasons, including pesticides and fertilizers that wash away from farms, untreated household waste and effluent. Even ground water can be polluted because pollution can leach into underground aquifers. Furthermore, harmful bacteria and pollutants may contaminate the freshwater sources and lead to numerous negative effects to health. Water which is wasted, polluted and unsustainably managed has already affected every continent in the world. People who consume inadequate sanitation water are likely exposed to illnesses such as cholera and diarrheal, especially children who die each year from diarrheal. One way to stop water scarcity is to enhance water stewardship. Efficient and effective water management is necessary. Government and the authorities should be responsible for protecting freshwater sources. In addition to that, new laws and regulations about preserving water should be ratified by legislators and helpful methods for sustainable water use should be promoted. Moreover, it is important for countries to expand co-operation with some international organizations in order to take advantage of opportunities to improve water management systems. Protecting wetlands is another approach to halt the process of water shortage. Wetlands are an important part of the national heritage. They provide human not only natural resources, but also water resources. Therefore, programs and projects need to be established and encouraged to be carried out in order to effectively protect wetlands. Besides that, all citizens can help protect wetlands by supporting wetlands conservation initiatives. Water scarcity has become a serious issue for the Earth. The rapidly increasing world population and water pollution have immensely contributed to the situation. There is an urgent need to solve this problem by enhancing water management and preserving wetlands. If the solutions mentioned above are taken into consideration and appropriately applied, water scarcity may be halted. Reference: The Water Project, â€Å"Water scarcity: The importance of water access† , http://thewaterproject. org/water_scarcity. php#. UTQPJTdIOuA. FAO Water, â€Å"Water and poverty, and issue for live and livelihood†, http://www. fao. org/nr/water/issues/scarcity. html United Nations, â€Å"Water for life Decade†, http://www. un. org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity. html World wild life, â€Å"Water scarcity†, http://worldwildlife. org/threats/water-scarcity United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), â€Å"Wetlands protection†, http://water. epa. gov/type/wetlands/protection. cfm ——————————————– [ 1 ]. http://www. fao. o rg/nr/water/issues/scarcity. html [ 2 ]. http://worldwildlife. org/threats/water-scarcity [ 3 ]. http://www. un. org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity. shtml [ 4 ]. http://www. un. org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity. shtml [ 5 ]. http://water. epa. gov/type/wetlands/protection. cfm How to cite Water Scarcity, Essay examples Water Scarcity Free Essays Global Water Scarcity – Problems And Solutions Posted: 23. 12. 2009 author: Tater, Prof. We will write a custom essay sample on Water Scarcity or any similar topic only for you Order Now Dr. Sohan Raj Importance of Water Water is a source of life of every living organism. Without water living beings cannot survive their lives. There is 60% water in human gross body. It is a natural resource that sustains our environments and supports livelihood. Water is the blue gold, and that future wars will be fought for water. So, not a single drop of water received from rain should be allowed to escape into the sea without being utilized for human benefit. The vast majority of the Earth’s water resources are salty water, with only 2. % being fresh water. Approximately 70% of fresh water available on planet is in the icecaps of Antarctica and Greenland leaving the remaining 0. 7% of total water resources worldwide available for consumption. However from this 0. 7%, roughly 87% is allocated to agricultural purposes. These statistics are particularly illustrative of the drastic problem of water scarcity facing humanity. Water scarcity is defined as per capital supplies les s than 1700 M3/year. The comprehensive assessment of water management in agriculture revealed that one in three people are already facing water shortage (2007). Around 1. 2 billion people, or almost one-fifth of the world’s population, live in areas of physical scarcity, while another 1. 6 billion people, or almost one quarter of the world’s population, face economic water shortage (where countries lack the necessary infrastructure to take water from rivers and aquifers); nearly all of which are in the developing countries. Agriculture is a significant cause of water scarcity in much of the world since crop production requires upto 70 times more water than is used in drinking and other domestic purposes. The report says that a rule of thumb is that each calorie consumed as food requires about one litre of water to produce. The amount of water in the world is finite. The number of us is growing fast and our water use is growing even faster. A third of world’s population lives in water stressed countries now. By 2025, this is expected to rise to two-third. The UN recommends that people need a minimum of 50 litres of water a day for drinking, washing, cooking and sanitation. In 1990, over a billion people did not have even that. Causes of Global water Crisis There are four main factors aggravating water scarcity: * Population Growth: In the last century, world population has tripled. It is expected to rise from the present 6. 5 billions to 8. 9 billions by 2050. Water use has been growing at more than twice the rate of population increase in the last century, and although there is no global water scarcity as such, an increasing number of regions are chronically short of water. * Increased urbanization will focus on the demand for water among an over more concentrated population. Asian citizen alone are expected to grow by 1 billion people in the next 20 years. High level of consumption: As the world becomes more developed, the amount of domestic water that each person used is expected to rise significantly. * Climate change will shrink the resources of fresh water   (a) Pollution and disease Global water consumption rose six fold between 1900 and 1995 more than double the rate of population growth – and goes on growing as farmin g, industry and domestic demand all increase. As important as quantity is quality – with pollution increasing in some areas, the amount of useable water declines. More than five millions people die from water-borne diseases each year, 10 times the number killed in wars around the globe. Seventy percent of water used world wide is used for agriculture, much more will be needed if we are to feed world’s growing population – predicted to rise from about six billion to 8. 9 billion by 2050. Consumption will star further as more people expect western – style lifestyle and diets – one kilograms of grain fed beef needs at least 15 cubic meters of water, while a kilo of cereals needs only upto three cubic meters. b) Poverty and Water The poor are the ones who suffer most. Water shortage can mean long walks to fetch water, high price to buy it, food insecurity and disease from drinking dirty water. But the very thing needed to raise funds to tackle water problems in poor countries, economic development – requires yet more water to supply the agriculture and industries which drive it. The UN-backed World commission on water estimated in 2000 that an additional $100 billion a year would be needed to tackle water scarcity would wide. Even if the money can be found, spending it wisely is a further challenge. Dams and other large – scale projects now affect 60% of the world’s largest rivers and provide millions with water. As ground water is exploited, water tables in part of China, India, West Asia, the former Soviet Union and the Western United States are dropping – in India by as much as 3 meters a year in 1999. (c) Melting of Glaciers Global warming is melting glaciers in every region of the world, putting millions of people at risk from floods, draughts and lack of drinking water. Glaciers are ancient rivers of compressed snow that creep through the landscape, shaping the planet’s surface. They are the Earth’s largest fresh water reservoir, collectively covering an area the size of South Antarctica. Glaciers have been retreating worldwide since the end of the little Ice Age (around 1850), but in recent decades glaciers have began melting at rates that cannot be explained by historical trends. One in three people is enduring one form or other of water scarcity, according to a new report from the International Water Management Institute (IWMI). The report says that about one- quarter of the world’s population lives in areas where water is physically scare, while about one – sixth of humanity over a billion people – live where water is economically scares, or places where â€Å"Water is available in rivers and aquifers, but the infrastructure is lacking to make thick water available to people. † In a world of unprecented wealth, almost two million children die-each year for want of a glass of clean water and adequate sanitation. Millions of women and young girls are forced to spend hours collecting and carrying water, restricting their opportunities and their choices. Water – bone infectious diseases are growing in same of the world’s poorest countries. Human development reports 2006 investigates the underlying causes and consequences of a crisis that leaves 1. 2 billion people without access to safe water and 2. 6 billion without access to sanitation. In 2006 the International Management Institute, reported that water scarcity affected a full third of world population. In 2007 the Intergovernmental panel on climate change predicted that due to climate change, the number of people facing water scarcity would grow. Other, too, say that there is a global water crisis, the availability of water is dwindling, the world is running out of the water. Solution of water scarcity (a) Water and Climate change Water scarcity is expected to become an even more important problem than it is today. There are several reasons for this: * First the distribution of precipitation in space and time is very uneven, leading to tremendous temporal variability in water resources worldwide (Oki et al. 003). For example, the Atacama Desert in Chile receives imperceptible annual quantities of rainfall where as Mawsynram, Assam, India receives over 450 inches annually. If the fresh water on the planet were divided equally among the global population, there would be 5000 to 6000 M3 of water available for everyone, every year. * Second the rate of evaporation varies a great deal, depending on temperature and relative humidity, which impact the amount of water available to replenish ground water supplies. The combination of shorter duration but more intense rainfall (meaning more run off and less infiltration) combined with increased evapotranspiration (the sum of evaporation and plant transpiration form the earth’s land surface to atmosphere) and increased irrigation is expected to lead to ground water depletion. According to world bank, as many as two billion people lack adequate sanitation facilities to protect them from water – borne disease, while a billion lack access to clean water altogether. According to United States, which has declared 2005-15 the â€Å"Water for life† decade, 95 percent of the world cities still dump water sewage into their water supplies. Thus it should come as no surprise to know that 80 percent of all the health maladies in developing countries can be traced back to unsanitary water. Developed countries are not immune to fresh water problem either. Researcher found a six-fold increase in water use for only a two-fold increase in population size in the United States since 1900. Such a trend reflects the connection between higher living standards and increased water usage and underscores the need for more sustainable management and use of water supplies even in more developed societies. (b) Technical Solution New technology can help, however, especially by cleaning up pollution and so making more water useable, and in agriculture, where water use can be made for more efficient, drought – resistant plants can also help. Drip irrigation drastically cuts the amount of water needed, low-pressure sprinklers are an improvement, and even building simple earth walls to trap rainfall is helpful. Some countries are now treating wastewater so that it can be used – and drunk – several times over. Desalination makes seawater, but takes huge quantities of energy and leaves vast amount of brine. (c) Climate Change In any case, it is not just us who need water, but every other species that shares the planet with us – as well as the ecosystems on which we, and they, rely. Climate change will also have an impact, some areas will probably benefit from increase rainfall, but other are likely to be loser. We have to rethink how much water we really need if we are to learn how to share the Earth’s supply. While dams and other large-scale schemes play a big role worldwide, there is also a growing recognition of the value of using the water already have more efficiently rather than harvesting ever more from our rivers and aquifers. For millions of people around the world, getting it right is a matter of life and death. (d) The hydrological Cycle The hydrological cycle begins with evaporation from the surface of ocean or land, continues as air carries the water vapour to locations where it forms clouds and eventually precipitates out. It then continues when the precipitation is either absorbed into the ground or runs off to the ocean, ready to begin the cycle over again in an endless loop. The amount of time needed for ground water to recharge can vary with the amount of intensity of precipitation. With world population expected to pass nine billion by mid-century, solutions to water scarcity problems are not going to come easy. Some have suggested that technology – such as large-scale salt water desalination plants – could generate more water for the world use. But environmentalists argue that depleting ocean water is no answer and will only create other big problems. In any case, research and development into improving desalination technologies is ongoing, especially in Saudi Arabia, Israel and Japan. Already an estimated 11,000 desalination plants exist in some 120 countries around the world. Water Management When we think about water scarcity, then, we should not be focusing on an absolute shortfall between the total needs of the earth’s population and the available supply, but on where the useable water is and what it costs to bring enough clean water to where people are. Applying market principles to water would facilitate a more efficient distribution of supply everywhere. Analysts at Harvard Middle East Water Project, for example, advocate assigning a monetary value to fresh water, rather than considering it a free natural commodity. They say such a approach could help mitigate the political and security tensions caused by water scarcity. Falling prices in membrane filtering technology (reverse osmosis) and advances in ultraviolet and ozone disinfections have led to a wide array of off – the shelf water technologies. Large companies such as GE, Siemens and Dow developed these technologies for consumer markets in industrial countries, spurred by the exploding market in bottled water, but they offer interesting spin-offs in developing countries. As individuals, we can also reign in our own water use to help conserve what is becoming an ever more precious resource. We can hold off on watering our lawns in times of drought. And when it does rain, we can gather gutter water in barrels to feed garden hoses and sprinklers. We can turn off the tapes while we brush our teeth or shave, and take shorter showers. In other world, â€Å"Doing more with less is the first and easiest step along the path toward water scarcity. † As a reliable and affordable technology, desalination has come of age in the last two decades. For Iceland cities such as Singapore, or for a new five star hotel on a Pacific atoll, a desalination plant is now standard technology. The cost of desalination has come down rapidly and now ranges from $ 0. 5 – 1. 00 per cubic meter, depending upon price of energy. This is a reasonable price for drinking water in a developed urban area or hotel where the impact on room prices will be only a few dollars per day. For agricultural purposes, however the value of water ranges from several cents per cubic meter to grow crop such as corn, wheat, rice or sugar cane, to half a dollar for intensive flower or vegetable production. Desalination is clearly not an economical option. Desalination is similarly impractical for poor people who live on less than $ 1 or $ 2 per day. Conclusion Water is a source of life of every living organism. Without water living beings cannot survive their lives. There is 60% water in human gross body. It is a natural source that sustains our environments and supports livelihood. Water is the blue gold, and that future wars will be fought for water. So, not a single drop of water received from rain should be allowed to escape into the sea without being utilized for human benefit. Present global water scarcity is defined as per capita supplies less than 1700 M3/year. Around 1. 2 billion people, or almost one-fifth of the world’s population, live in areas of physical scarcity while another 1. 6 billion, or almost one quarter of the world’s population, face economic, water shortage. A third of world’s population lives in water stressed countries now. The report says that a rule of thumb is that each calorie consumed as food requires about one litre of water to produce. Causes of Global water crisis are – population growth, increased urbanization, high level of consumption and climate change which shrink the resources of fresh water, melting of glaciers. More than five millions people die from water-borne diseases each year around the Globe due to drinking polluted water. Underground water table is depleting on an average 3 meters a year as per research conducted in India. One in three people is enduring one form or other of water scarcity around the Globe. Almost two million children die each year for want of a glass of clean water and adequate sanitation. If the fresh water on the planet were divided equally among the global population, there would be 5000 to 6000 M3 of water available for every one, every year. Technical solutions of water scarcity around Globe are Drip irrigation, recycling of sewage water and to make it usable for agriculture, vegetables and bathroom purposes, scientific work over hydrological cycle formation, desalination of saline water, Increasing R. O. technology. We should advocate assigning a monetary value to fresh drinking water, rather than considering it a free natural commodity. Individually every globe citizen should save water in bathing cooking, gardening i. e. their daily use purposes. References * Goudie, As (2006). Global Warming and Fluvial Geomorphology Volume 79, September 2006, 37th Binghamton Geomorphology Symposium – The human role in changing Fluvial Systems. * Huntington, T. G. (2005) Evidence for Intensification of the global water cycle: Review and Synthesis. Journal of Hydrology, 319. * Konikow, Leonard et al. 2005). Ground water Depletion: A Global Problem. Hydrogeology (13). * Nearing, M. A. et al. (2005). Modeling Response of Soil Erosion and Run off to changes in Precipitation and cover. Catena, 61. * Oki, Taikan et al. (2006). Global hydrological Cycles and World Water Resources, Science; 313. * Vorasmarty, Charles et al. (2000). Global Water Resource: Vulnerability from Climate Change and Population Growth, Science, 289. * World Water Assessment Programme, 2003. Water for people, Water for life: The United Nations world water development report. UNESCO: Paris. How to cite Water Scarcity, Papers

Are scientific management and human relations approaches still applicable to organisations of the 21st century free essay sample

Compare traditional and modern organization III. Scientific management and Human relation approach in organization 1. Scientific management in modern organization 2. Human relation approach in modern organization IV. Conclusion List of references I. Introduction Maximizing efficiency, reducing costs and increasing profits are facts which will be always of high interest for companies. In the course of development of organizations different approaches have emerge to fulfill these interest. The purpose of this essay is to explain scientific management and human relations theory and how it is still applicable in 21st century. The paper will start by explaining the meaning of each theory. Then I will give the example to prove the realistic of theories in industry. With the help of these facts it can be shown how different these theories are and whether they achieve the same ends. Without a doubt, scientific management and human relation have changed the way organizations work. Evaluating the benefit and influence is less clear and is subject to individual opinions and arguments. Based on my observation and research, I think that, on the balance, they still applicable to organization in 21st century. However, it is not common as it was in the past. Scientific Management I. 8 Definition An early 20th century school of management thought concerned primarily with the physical efficiency of an individual workers. Scientific management is based on the work of the US engineer Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915) who in his 1911 book The Principles of scientific management laid down the fundamental principles of large-scale manufacturing through assembly-line factories. It emphasizes rationalization and standardization of work through divison of labor, time and motion studies, work measurement, and piece-rate wages. Father of scientific management Frederick Winslow Taylor (20 March 1856 – 21 March 1915), was the founder of the scientific management (SM) also referred to as Taylorism (Thompson and McHugh, 2009, p. 28), was an American mechanical engineer who sought to improve industrial efficiency. I. 10 Over view of scientific management Taylor’s theories were based on a simple interpretation of human behavior that people are motivated solely by money – his term was â€Å"rational man† The old fashioned dictator does not exist under Scientific Management. The man at the head of the business under Scientific Management is governed by rules and laws which have been developed through hundreds of experiments just as much as the workman is, and the standards developed are equitable. I. 11 Objectives To scientifically determine the optimal way to perform a job, Taylor performed experiments that he called time studies, (also known as time and motion studies). These studies were characterized by the use of a stopwatch to time a workers sequence of motions, with the goal of determining the one best way to perform a job. Here is some main objectives: Improvement of efficiency and maximization of profit Increase size is desirable in order to obtain the advantages of the division of labor and specialization of tasks. I. 12 Theories of Taylor To fix these problems and to make enterprises more profitable Taylor looked at the scientific side of establishments and developed four management principles. The first one is the principle of â€Å"developing a science for each element of work† (Thompson and McHugh, 2009, p. 30). Within this principle Taylor summarizes the whole accumulated knowledge of the workers and the company. Hence, he creates rules and norms for each process. Furthermore, he divided the processes in small parts and analyzed them concerning their lead time and course of movement. As a result Taylor could identify and eliminate interference factors (Taylor, 1911, p. 24). The main elements of his theory were: 1. Management is a true science. The solution to the problem of determining fair work standards and practices could be discovered by experimentation and observation. From this, it follows, that there is one right way for work to be performed 2. The selection of workers is a science. Taylor’s first class worker was someone suitable for the job. It was managements role to determine the kind of work for which an employee was most suited, and to hire and assign workers accordingly. 3. Workers are to be developed and trained. It is managements task to not only engineer a job that can be performed efficiently, but management is responsible for training the worker as to how the work is to be performed and for updating practices as better ones are developed. This standardizes how the work is performed in the best way. Scientific management is a collaboration of workers and managers. Managers are not responsible for execution of work, but they are responsible for how the work is done. Planning, scheduling, methods, and training are functions of the manager. University of Bedfordshire Level 1 Core Programme Textbook Volume 1, Week 2 Scientific Management and Human Resources chapter, page 79-80. I. 13 Other theorist about scientific management I. 13. 1 Frank and Lillian Gibreth Frank Bunker Gilbreth (July 7, 1868 – June 14, 1924) A construction contractor by trade, Frank Gilbert gave up his contracting career in 1912 to study scientific management after hearing Taylor speak at the meeting. Frank and his wife Lillian an psychologist studied work to eliminate wasteful hand-and-body motions. The Gilberts also experimented with the design and use of the proper tools and equipments for optimizing work performance. Frank is best known in his experiment in bricklaying. By carefully analyzing the bricklayers job he reduced the number of motions in laying exterior brick from 18 to about 5 and on laying interior brick the motions were reduced from 18 to 2. Using Gilberts techniques the bricklayer could be more productive and less fatigued at the end of the day. About his contribution: -Sought ways to make bricklaying faster and easier Invent a device called micro chronometer that recorded the workers motion and the amount of time spent doing each motion. Wasted motions missed by the naked eye could be identified and eliminated. Devise a classification scheme to label 17 basic hand motions such as search, grasp and hold which they called Theobalds. This scheme allowed the Gilbert a more precise way of analysing a workers exact hand movements https://www. asme. org/engineering-topics/articles/construction-and-building/frank-bunker-gilbreth http://education. blurtit. com/82282/what-do-you-know-about-frank-and-lillian-gilbert- Lillian Moller Gilbreth (May 24, 1878 – January 2, 1972) Lillian Evelyn Moller Gilbreth   was an American  psychologist  and  industrial engineer. One of the first working female  engineers  holding a  Ph. D. , she is arguably the first true  industrial/organizational psychologist. She and her husband  Frank Bunker Gilbreth, Sr. were efficiency experts who contributed to the study of  industrialengineering  in fields such as  motion study  and  human factors. The books  Cheaper by the Dozen  and  Belles on Their Toes  (written by their children  Ernestine  and  Frank Jr. ) are the story of their family life with their twelve children, and describe how they applied their interest in  time and motion study  to the organization and daily activities of such a large family. https://www. sdsc. edu/ScienceWomen/gilbreth. html About her contributions: Help industrial engineers see the importance of the psychological dimensions of work The first American engineer ever to create a synthesis of  psychology and  scientific management by applying the principles of scientific management to household tasks, Gilbreth sought to provide women with shorter, simpler, and easier ways of doing housework to enable them to seek paid employment outside the home. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Lillian_Moller_Gilbreth I. 13. 2 Henry Laurance Gantt (1861-1919) Henry Gantt worked as a teacher, draftsman, and mechanical engineer before making his mark as an early 20th century management consultant. He authored two books on the topic, and in the 1910s he developed the scheduling and monitoring diagram, now called Gantt charts and used ubiquitously across industry and manufacturing, which provide easy, visual data on project planning and progress. He initiated the task and bonus wage method, wherein workers are paid a regular wage for time worked, and also paid an additional bonus if their labor exceeds productivity targets. He is the namesake of the annual Gantt Medal, awarded since 1929 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers for distinguished achievement in  management and for service to the community. Gantt wrote, I have never had any opposition whatever from the workman that was not immediately overcome as soon as he understood what we are doing. He maintained that it is counterproductive to treat labor poorly, and proposed that workers and management share the common goal of producing a high-quality product. As a matter of principle he refused any assignment where the company that sought his advice had not read and agree with the principles explained in his book,  Work, Wages, and Profits. Author of books: Work, Wages, and Profits: Their Influence on the Cost of Living  (1910, economics) Industrial Leadership  (1916, nonfiction) Organizing for Work  (1919, nonfiction) http://www. ganttchart. com/ About his contribution: Develop the management system that was methodological and goal oriented which assist in planning and organizing methods with use â€Å"Bar charts† as a project management tool. Contribute the concept of Industrial Efficiency, by applying scientific management analysis to all aspect of the work in progress. The industrial management role is to improve the system by eliminating chance and accidents. His concept of the Task and Bonus system linked the bonus paid to managers and employees to how well they improve performance. I. 14 Pros and cons of scientific management I. 14. 1 Pros Labor productivity increased significantly, lower cost, the end result is higher profits for both owners and workers. Strengthening the relationship between workers and managers, develop team spirit and relationships between workers and managers Managers are more likely to compete with other manager. The role of managers is further enhanced. It reduces conflicts and ambiguity. It leads to good Planning. Develop leadership qualities The value of Scientific Management theory can still be used in modern industry. I. 14. 2 Cons Although method led to increases in productivity and to higher pay, but   workers and unions began to oppose his approach because as they feared that working harder or faster would exhaust whatever work was available causing layoffs. Even if one is ready to pay more money but the employee does not have job satisfaction his efficiency may decrease Failure to give guidelines to goals Failure to teach philosophy of MBO Managers compitition may lead to tug of war It’s not easily possible to apply this theory where output is not in form of units. Taylor’s emphasis on the control and the control was somehow underestimated the human element as a whole individual turns of a social relationship. Due to the emphasis on performance at the operational level and to save time by researching and pulling movements have brought attention to the effective management of governance at the operational level in the general aspect re not focused. Only apply well in stable environments It lead to some unscrupulous practices like Rate cutting. 2. Human Relation approach